Some dates punctuate the Interior History of the
United States, illustrate the Common Fund inter-generation
shared by the population and light the cultural and psychological bases of the majority of
the American citizens: American Way of Life. These dates and events reveal an interesting
process underlining two reflexes.
One leaves the lack capacity of the American company to call in question its social model.
If this last capsizes, the cause comes from there obligatorily a exogenic element
incompatible with the standards of
" american way of life. " Another leaves, a tendency to systematically bringing
closer an interior threat with an external fear, the latter interpreted like the inspirer
and the support of the first. It is thus to legitimate a
repression which, objectively lack of justifications. Foreigner or unknown frightens
American traditionally. It starts a wave of rejection which results in a will
extermination of what is perceived like l’expression of the Evil. |
this
history " will be enriched " by your
|
| 30 000 years before our era - First traces of occupation American
territory by the human Asian ones - ancestors of the Indians - probably come by the Bering
Strait. With the centuries, the Indians learned how to respect nature and with living in
harmony with it. In spite of " promising " beginnings, the Indians were however
confronted with an important technological delay. The reason in is simple: America was
isolated from the rest of the world what prevented the " technological exchanges
". North America counted 300 different languages, divided into 2000 dialects. These
languages were divided into 57 linguistics families, and for this reason California was
with it only more heterogeneous than Europe. |
When the first " foreign " colonists
arrived, the Indians were accessible. Like example, let us quote that they are the Indians
who helped certain colonies to survive in their learning hunting, the culture. The Indians
allowed the new colonists to be installed on their territory - although for them, the
concept of property did not exist. To want to buy the ground did not make any sense for
the Indians. Them which regarded the ground as the Nourishing earth ("Our Mother
Ground). With time, the foreign colonists multiplied and the Indians were pushed back
always further from on their premises, always further from their territory. In spite of
the creation of
treaties leaving to the Indians the right to live " on their ground ", the new
colonists did not respect them... The Indians were not stupid, they understood the
situation quickly and thus began famous " the Indian Wars ". |
1492-1540 - European
conquests of the territories. Christophe Colomb at
the end of a third voyage for the account of Isabelle the Catholic, sovereign of
Espagne, unloads on the American continent - the New World.
Thinking of arriving to India it nomme " Indian " the first
aboriginals which he meets. The Portuguese conquer into 1500 the Brazilian coast of
America, Cortès overcomes the Aztec empire into 1521, Pizzaro installs Spain in Peru into
1531 and in Chile in 1540. Cartier installs France in North America in Newfoundland
and
News-France (1534-1541). It is a true human hecatomb, a succession of massacres of natives
populations , the conquest. The disseminated Indian population is replaced by a black
labour. It is the beginning of the draft. |
| 1581- Beginning of slavery
in America. Census of the first slaves. |
| 1620 - English conquest of the News-Angletterre |
1661 - Legislation of slavery in the colonies American |
1664 - The Englishmen seize New Amsterdam (in
Manhattan) creates by the Dutchmen (renamed later in New York). The cohabitation between
the Indians et les new colonists who take their territory of life to them,
of hunting and push back them on the continent becomes increasingly chaotic. In New
England, an Indian chief of the name of " King Philippe' ' - which gathers several
tribes -, decides to fight against " the enemy invader ". Following this "
guerrilla ", 1/6ème of the white population disparait. But it is necessary some more
to satisfy the thirst for conquest of the English colonists who resist towards and against
all. The Spaniards (in the South) are driven out by Pueblos (Indians). |
1692 - Salem in Massachusetts, 19 people
convinced of sorcery are hung and 150 imprisoned for the
same reasons before d’être released or graciées. Hunting for the witches appears
whereas the colony crosses difficulties of management and n’arrive step of
maintaining its autonomy with respect to the British metropolis. |
1763 - At the
end of a war opposing the Frenchmen to the Englishmen
which lasts seven years for the possession of North America, the Treaty of Paris devotes
the supprématie English crown on France. It is the
conquest of the West. |
1776
- The Congress proclaims the Independence of the United
States at the end of a rebellion of new Américains against the
British which creates many taxes aiming at reinflating their funds. The war of
independence really starts in 1770, in Boston when the new colonists organize themselves.
In 1775. the Congress meets in Philadelphia to create the Declaration of
Independence of the United States whose
Thomas Jefferson is the writer. At that time George Washington takes the command of the
insurgent colonies which gain some victories. The French task force (directed by
Rochambeau) comes to lend strong hand to them. |
| 1789 - Georges
Washington becomes the 1st President of the United States |
| 1798 - The Frenchmen are dedicated to the
gemonies. The revolution hardly plait with the American authorities which
vote a whole of laws known under the name d’ " Alien and Sedition Acts "
making it possible in particular to the president of the United States imprisonment
to issue or the deportation from any dangerous abroad " for the peace and the safety
of the United States or which one can reasonably suspect that is implied in secret
machinations or who constitute a treason against the government of the United States" |
1803 - The United States buys Louisiana with Napoleon. This
stage, the United States has a going territory of the Rocky Mountains to the valley of
Mississippi for the length, and Canada in Mexico for the width. Following that, the E-U
double their surface. Gradually, and following the war between Napoleon and England, the
situation becomes increasingly tended in America. New American makes responsible England
(former colonizer) for the revolt Indian incipient, directed by Tecumseh.. |
| 1816 - James Monroe becomes 5th president of the United States
and remains time there to carry out two mandates during lesquel he creates Liberia in
Africa aiming to the reception of the American slaves libérés.Doctrines of Monroe "
presents the ideas of this last in connection with his foreign policy which will perdurera
to the First World War... |
| 1819 - The
United States buys Florida with the Spaniards. |
1820 - Missouri.
To maintain the Union, the political leaders of the parties democrat and whig elude the
question de slavery. But, increasingly strong opposition of the «abolitionnistes»,
vis-a-vis the extension of
slavery in new the territoires, conduit to a compromise: in the territory of
Louisiana, lately acquired, the esclavage est authorized in the south of a line
corresponding to the 36°30’ of northern and prohibited latitude in the north of this
line. There are from now on 22 states inside the Union: eleven states practise slavery and
eleven have abolishes it, at least in the texts. Imbalance is accentuated at the time when
the industrialization of North makes contrast with the monoculture of the South. |
1838 - Exile of the Indian people.
Cherokees are forced to leave Georgia for Oklahoma. This exile is called " the track
of the tears " |
| 1846 - The
United States even the war counters Mexico and
appendix Texas, New Mexico and California. |
1850-1854 - The
New compromise of 1850 envisages the admission of California free under State, i.e.
without slaves. This admission est compensated by the organization of two new
territories, Utah and New Mexico, on the grounds acquired during the war against Mexico,
where the popular principle of sovereignty prevails: these territories can thus decide
adoption of slavery. Compromised Malgré ce the conflit sur funds of economic
and financial interests persists. The Master of the South, become a minority fraction,
show much concern with regard to the acts of the Congress of the United States; the
North-East requires a privileged customs rate for its industrial growth, of the federal
subsidies for the transport and the modernization of the equipment, and banking structure
and monetarist "sain"; North-West ask with the Congress of the
free agricultural pieces (homestead) and a federal help for its ways road and river. The question of the expansion of slavery arises again in
1854 when the senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois presents to the Congress a bill
which establishes two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska, in which the popular principle
of sovereignty would be applied. This law makes null and void the compromise of Missouri
and raises a wave of protest in North that involves, in particular, the creation of
the republican party opposed to any expansion of slavery. In 1856, the republican
candidate in the presidency, John C. Frémont, collects more of the third of the
popular vote whereas in same time, the democratic president of Kansas James Buchanan asks
the Congress to admit in the
Union Kansas like Slave state. |
| march 7 1857
- The supreme Court of the United States declares about the business Dred Scott, slave fugitive, that the
Constitution of the United States does not give pas au Congrès le capacity to
prohibit slavery in the territories. |
april 12 1861
- Beginning of the civile war of Secession. The hard civil war of 1861 to 1865 and opposes the 11 states of the
South and the remainder of the states of North America. In the south, for 200 years, the
owners and large having have made régner l' esclavagisme - 4 million black
slaves on 9 millions inhabitants - as bases de la culture of cotton and the
tobacco. The states of nord eux make enormous benefit with the industrial treatment
of this cotton and develop a whole industrial and banking fabric based on wage-earning.
The election of Abraham Lincoln, favorable to the abolition, met fire with the
powders et 11 states of the south separate from the remainder of the federate states.
The American Civil War is the four decades result of
conflicts of interests between North and the South from the points of view economic,
social and political. The catch of various forts by the Southerners causes the lifting of
soldiers by the nordists and the beginning of the combats. Les
combats meurtriers causes true hecatombs in the families of the two edges . In terms
of destruction and human losses, the American Civil War was most expensive of the history
of the American people. At the end of the war, 620 000 hommes - in a nation of
35 millions people - had been killed and largely as much had been wounded. North lost
on the whole 364 000 hommes - either almost a soldier on five - and the South
lost 258 000 of it (or almost a soldier on four). More men died of epidemics and
disease that on the battle field, the report/ratio being of four for one. The conflict
turns to the advantage of the " nordists ". |
1865 - Assassination of the
President of the United States
Abraham Lincoln par John Wilkes Booth. The republican Andrew Johson becomes
President of the USA until 1869 and will be shown of treason to have been
opposed to the racial equality. |
| 1867 - The United States buys Alaska in Russia Tsariste. |
| 1876 - Little Big Horn. Considered for his actions against the
Indians and at the time of the American Civil War, the Custer General is not less famous
of share his death. Indeed, during the confrontation which take place with Little Big
Horn, the General and his men were massacred by the Indians in fight for their survival
and their territories. |
| 1890 - Wounded Knee Massacre : the Sioux are exterminated by the American Army. |
| 1914 - The United States is made yield
Panama Canal |
| 1919 - " Palmer raids ".
Strikes in the sectors metallurgical and iron and steel, to which problems involved in
prohibition s’ajoutent and the countryside of the suffragettes for the voting rights
of the women plunge l’Americ in a social crisis. Mitchell Micrometer caliper,
Minister of Justice, sound hallali by stigmatizing a negligible fraction with its
population: Communists: " the languages of revolutionary fire come to lick the
furnace bridges of the churches, to spout out in the belfries of the bells of the schools,
to crawl jusqu’aux the most crowned recesses American houses, to replace the oaths of
the marriage by the laws of libertinage, to ignite the foundations of the company. In
December - after having set up commandos who will strike the bastions of the American left
and l’extrême left which are the trade unions and the buildings of the Communist
Party - the action of the " Micrometer caliper raids " reaches a climax with the
deportation in all impunity of 249 communist sympathizers.. |
| 1920 - Minister Mitchell Palmer
caliper created the list known as of the Minister of Justice which indexes six
d’organisations types whose activities are considered to be subversive and therefore
were to be prohibited. Any adherent person with l’une of these organizations commits
a crime. This list will be restored in 1947. She will cause principal to disaggregate
American associative fabric since the Minister of Justice could, for any reason
d’opportunity, to make prohibit an association judged to correspond to the criteria
retained by the order in Council n° 9835 to come. |
| 1929-1941 - Crisis economic
of 1929 which causes the job loss for
thousands of paid and plunges thousands of people in misery involving an important
demographic decline. |
| 1938 - The Dies
commission is established to inquire as well into the extrem groups right
as communist. This work never remained in shade for it not take of media cover. |
1940 - Alien Registration Act.
Also called Smith act of the name of his inspirer, this text imposes to the foreigners
eager to press the American ground to be made record and to answer this question which is
still reproduced on the paperboards distributed in l’avion before l’atterrissage
to the United States: " be you or were member of the Communist Party or of a
organization which is affiliated for him? " It should be noted that
this s’applic law so much with the foreign qu’aux nationals. It constitutes the
first manifest attack with freedom expression and of thought contained in the first
amendment of the American Constitution of 1776, forbidding the government to make a law
which would restrict the freedom of word. |
1945 - House on Un-American activities
Comittee ou HUAC. This committee placed under l’autority of
the room of the representatives is emblematic hunting for the announced witch. An
impressive number d’enquêtes and d’auditions is diligenté of 1945 to 1958:
approximately 350 and 3000 examinations of witnesses. C’est in
front of its members whom any Hollywood will have to ravel to attest or deny the reality
of the " communist penetration " in the American cinematographic studios. The
USA, signatories of the charter of the United Nations adopted 26 Juin 1945 which states
that organisation will encourage and develop " the universal and effective respect
rights of l’homme and fundamental freedoms for all, without reference of race, sex,
language or religion " delivers its true face. The attacks with the rights of the
individuals are well in place. Nobody
can escape from it. |
march 1947 - The order in Council n°9835
forces any federal civil servant to be subjected to a procedure d’evaluation of its
loyalty. This procedure implies in particular the signature of one oath of honesty in
which
l’intéressé admits not being affiliated with the Communist Party. Each civil
servant can be blamed s’il belongs to an organization "indicated by the Minister
of Justice like totalitarian, fascistic, communist or subversive, or like having adopted a
policy preaching or approving acts of force or violence to deny with people their
constitutional laws, or seeking to modify the shape of government of the United States by
anticonstitutional means " It fishes, as the texts which we already evoked, by the
legal blur of the concepts qu’il understands to accuse. Concept of loyalty is not
definite, leaving the place to personal interpretations of the agents charged
d’éprouver that with the civils servant. In parallel this decree criminalise the
debate ideas and either only likely
acts of reprehension. The basic rights human being are blamed. |
1947 - Le Taft-Hartley act
voted by the congress very preserving elected official in 1946 forces any trade-union
leader to lend oath is does not form part of the Communist Party or are does not support
an organization which preaches or teaches the inversion of the government by
unconstitutional means. A trade union whose leader does not lend more representative oath
is and thus loses his right to take part in the
collective bargaining. The law is openly anticommunist and in complete contradiction with
the first amendment. It will have disastrous consequences on the trade-union
representation in the United States, since employers will draw up its own black lists,
lists on which all the communist or supposed sympathizers such are
registered, and will practise a perfectly illegal discrimination with embauche. The trade
unions " loyal supporters " American will contribute to creation in the European
of trade unions anticommunists
and honest countries (in France: F.O) |
february 27 1947 - Comitee Canwell of
Washington State . This resolution of
the room of the representatives establishing committee on the activities "
un-americans " gives for mission to the Committee of belonging to public
hearings, of gathering any document and to hear any witness likely aid with the
legislative work of the room, of seizing the courts of jurisdiction when it estimate
necessary to the continuation of its investigations and finally " of making all
things necessary for is can exert its powers and achieve the goals fixed by this
resolution " (Appendix 9). In metaphorical language that call a legal language and
blank
check the full powerss. Admittedly that is not all the same not article 16 of the
Constitution of 1958, it not prevent however that the drifts to which the committee will
deliver itself are not the fruit of the chance. Here and as in the legislative and lawful
device, imprecision takes precedence over exact necessary legal qualification on the
matter.In time that HUAC reproach the high-speed motorboats of the large screen, the
committee
Canwell is as for him interested much in the " communist penetration " in the
universities, concourrant with disciplinary creation of commission within university of
bearing Washington reached with the rights of the witnesses assigned before these
committees. Academic. Melvin Rader had to testify before the committee Canwell, its career
university was broken: " During l’audition, it not had any the protections
ensured by the Constitution before the Court of Justice. Freedoms of the first and fifth
amendments were violated by an quasi-inquisitorial practice.It n’y had neither
judge nor jury, no right to a cross-examination of the hostile witnesses, any possibility
of subjecting a proof or a testimony to support of its own defense. Although assistance of
council was authorized, this one was either tiny room to the silence or terribly limited
in objet of its speeches. With the place supposed innocent as long as the proof of the
culpability are not brought, one had the responsibility of prove its innocence "
(Appendix 11 and Appendix 12). |
1948 - Violation of the basic rights. The individuals
whose FBI considers the activities suspect do not n’obtiennent visas for stranger,
their correspondences private are opened by the services of the stations, any word in
favour of USSR is interpreted as from 1950 like a proof of disloyalty and will to reverse
the government of the United States by the force. However on December 10, 1948, the United
States adopts, with the majority of the members of U.N.O the universal declaration of the
rights of man of which. This "Declaration " is not unfortunately not the
legal force of conventions quite protects explicitly the civil laws and political. But
not for the American citizens. |
|
| 9 février 1950 - Wheeling. Mccarthy,
American senator, makes in Wheeling a speech during which it shows the
department d’Etat d’employer knowingly 205 members of the Communist Party. Here
point the dialectical one which will be with work during all this period and within all
the committees d’enquête which will be created: honesty towards the PC
systematically means disloyalty towards the United States. One month after the speech of
Wheeling Mccarthy reiterates in front of the Senate and explains in detail 81 cases of
treason (Appendix 4). This speech is not founder in a strict sense of the term of the will
to track the Communists who are on the American ground. It is not more the violent one.
Anothers matter are it much more (Appendix â) and its book " Fight for America
" (Fight says Kampf in allemand…) made office of true bible ( Annexe 4b ). It is on
the other hand a formidable detonator which brings until in Americ deep the fear of the
Communists. Hunting for the communist witches will take since 1950 a width without
precedent, connecting always more with l’Inquisition of which it borrowed certain
procedures (Appendix 2). |
1950 to 1954 - Maccarthysm.
Mccarthy, American senator, holds the torch of anti-Communism, the president
Truman until 1952 then Eisenhower as from this moment support it more or less openly. The
congress creates committees enquest on the communist penetration in the American company
and its Administration. The federate States imitate this inquisitorial fever and the
attacks with the civil laws multiply. The term of hunting for the witches, in reference to
history of Salem. During this period are instituted in the American Universities the
"university commissions of discipline ": the students are driven according to
their opinions by a specific office of collection of information to their university
which can constantly and on simple request d’un legislative committee to transmit the
files thus made up. The case of the professors will give place to an intense debate in the
American university community, between the partisans of to teach prohibition for the
professors sympathizers of the theses Marxist-Leninists and those which see in this
prohibition an intolerable attack with academic freedom. The refusal of a citizen to
cooperate with the legislative committees means inculpation for insult with the congress.
The members of the committees are protected by parliamentary immunity and cannot thus make
object no felt sorry for on behalf of the witnesses. The informers, as for them, profit
from legal immunity whereas the committees are not jurisdictional bodies. The machine
blocks itself in May 1954 when Mccarthy, not finding more enough of citizens to pursue,
attack with army. It is repudiated by its pars on December 2, 1954 to have thrown
discredit upon the Senate and to have acted with l’encontre of the senatorial
"tradition ". But if the Senate fustigates its powerful orator for his vulgar
attitude and outrancière (the President of the USA is a soldier) during the Mccarthy Army
audiences, the room representing the States does not come to a conclusion absolutely about
the practices of Maccarthysme in general. It must be had patience
until 1957 so that the supreme court re-examines its jurisprudential positions favorable
to the hunters of Communists. The last committees investigation will disappear only in
1978. |
1950 - Internal security act.
Second text concerning the monitoring from abroad, internal security act, known as also
Mac Carran act, voted in 1950, reinforces the provisions of Smith act out of matter
immigration in particular by a control much more drastic of the grantings of visas. This
law reinforces as the sanctions out of matter d’espionnage while laying out as any
individual " suspected " of d’avoir communicated, transmitted or delivered
information " putting in danger national safety " will be continued for treason
and facts espionage. The
suspicion replaced the proof, the Rosenberg husbands, condemned and carried out in
1953 June will make experience of it. The concept of national safety never will be
clearly defined by the American legislator, thus leaving a broad place to the capacity
interpretation of the judge. The same applies to the " suspected "
term which gives the prévalence to l’intime conviction on the formal proof. |
1950 - Mac Carran act authorize
the creation of likely concentration camps to accomodate the agents of subversion in case
emergency issued by the president. It is enough to return a few years to behind find this
same concern in an order in Council n° 9066 which opened to all the Japanese of the West
coast of the concentration camps in which they remained until the end of the war. This
measurement applied with the Japanese nationals of course, but also with American Japanese
naturalized without omitting the Americans original Japanese not take for the majority
ever pressed the ground of their ancestors. It was necessary
internment to wait until 1980 for commission on the civil ones in times of war
admits having shown discrimination with regard of " american-Japanese " (is not
remade...). Mac Carran act must still be retained to have created the " subversive
activities control board " charged to determine which associations entered the
communist category or pro-Communist. These last were then to be made record near the
Minister of Justice which forbade its members to become civil servant pursuant to the
decree n° 9835 and submitted its leaders in front of the courts under the terms of Smith
act. The not-declaration being punished heavy fines or emprisonment, it did not remain any
more with these associations to dissolve themselves. |
| 1951 - The order in Council n°9835.
This text already liberticide is modified in a more restrictive direction, while laying
out that from now on the doubt and either " evidence, reasonably evaluated "
will make it possible to dismiss a civil servant by blaming his honesty. |
| 1952 - immigration and nationality act. the congress votes
immigration and nationality act which authorizes the police authorities to place under
control legal the foreigners having " subversive " activities the concept of
" activity subversive " not are clearly definite and incumbent at the
authorities in charge of control, the procedure goes completely to against of the rules of
fixed legal procedures, it " due process of law " |
| Juen 1953 - Rosenberg husbands,
condemned, are carried out to have delivered secrecies on the manufacture of the atomic
bomb whereas the elements on which the founded jury is made object since the lawsuit of
many controversies. |
| 1953 - Circular of the
state-secretary Dulles. This circular of the state-secretary Dulles, who
will become under the presidency of Lyndon Johnson owner of the Exchange Agency
Intelligence, prohibited "communist " works in the American arts centres with
l’étranger. We find here attack with freedom expression and of thought
defended by the Constitution. |
| 1953 - President Eisenhower sign act n°10450
who puts at the load of the civil servant suspected the proof does not represent a
danger to national safety. This provision is very pernicious for the agents whose honesty
is questioned. Leaves the honesty of which it has to prove is not a concept whose criteria
are clearly identified. Anothers leaves the concept of danger to national safety are not
more clear definition. The civil servant must thus prove that its control corresponds to a
standard is does not know and a reprehensible attitude differs of which it not idea
precise. Instruction, with load or discharge, is thus marked seal of arbitrary. |
years 1945-1958- - House on Un-American
activities Comittee HUAC, committee placed under autority of the
room of the representatives is emblematic hunting for the witches. An impressive number
investigations and hearings is installation of 1945 to 1958: approximately 350 and 3000
examinations of witnesses. Is in front
of its members whom any Hollywood will ravel to attest or deny the reality of the
communist penetration in the American cinematographic studios. Will episode more striking
these hearings remain the judgment of the Ten Hollywood which, to have refused to answer
the question " are you or were member of the Communist Party? " will be accused
outrage with the congresses and will be condemned to prison sentences by a court of right
of commun run. The studios and the trade unions actors, Ronald Reagan at the head,
announce they will not workers more communist sympathizers, Chaplin and Brecht flee the
United States after being coarsely
attacked in the press for Chaplin and being questioned by HUAC for the German poet. To say
of the worms of Nabokov delivers a passport for a investigation committees on the "
not-American activities". Industry of the cinema has of course summer weakened by
these investigations which enter directly in conflict with an art for which freedom
expression is the sap. It should however be known that the majority of excluded the
Hollywood could continue their work under names loan or well with stranger. The
same possibility was on the other hand seldom offered to those, less known, which were
made convene by a commission investigation to have
simply in their library a treating work of the condition of rural in Russia or because
their name was evoked with the course of hearing. |
1954 - Communist control act relieve
the Communist Party of its rights and preferences in so much
association, without declaring it illegal, carrying the American legislation with a degree
of refinement out of matter hypocrisy that are not reached until matter of racial
segregation. State of Washington will have more courage that in 1955 it will qualify the
Communist Party subversive organisation, thus making its existence illegal in state in
accordance with subversive the activities act voted by the legislator of State in 1951
(Appendix 6). |
| There is not any more
any doubt that l’Americ is close to Fascism during these dark years. Anothers leaves,
it is necessary to understand that Maccarthysme came to stick to provisions by giving its
name to mechanisms which preceded it, which had an autonomous existence and whose mark
devastated History Humanity. Thus is not as not gone far as Nazism or Inquisition is
undoubtedly for lack of time, not means. |
19?? -
Eleanor Roosevelt whose husband was a president of the United States of 1932 to
1945 and
sometimes suspected of communist sympathies to his management progressist of the economic
affairs and social, will write to the professors university returned because of their
opinions Marxists: " one can subscribe to the Communist Party and to be at the same
time a good American citizen, even less one professor " has no acceptance, even left
side of political chess-board communist ideas. They will be always perceived like a threat
for the company and existence even of the United States, thus legitimating often brutal
repressions. |
1960 - John Fitzerald Kennedy democratic
candidate is elected President of the United States. He
organizes the inversion of Fidel Castro in Cuba in bay of the pigs. It is a failure. In
1962 it organizes the blockade of Cuba. |
| 1963 - Marche for equal
rights des between white and blacks on Washington. |
| 1963 - Assassination of
the President John F Kennedy. Its
democratic vice-president Lyndon Johson becomes President, elected until 1968. He will set
up the American intervention at Vietnam.. |
| 1964 - War of Vietnam. The United
States takes over its army and France in the war to subject and control Vietnam, old
French colony. It is the beginning of massacres, of the use by the American forces armed
with chemical weapons (napalm) and biological against the populations. |
july 2 1964 - Law on the civic rights.
Symbols of the end of Apartheid and the racial segregation prevailing in the USA since
their origin, this law finally makes disappear the panels (ashamed) on which appeared the
words " whites only " which prohibited to a man with black skin of drinking with
the same public fountain as l’homme white, in the black children to take the same
school bus as the white. The blacks did not are equal share or full citizens, rather.
Albert Camus us recalls it by writing " any form of contempt, if it intervenes in
policy, prepares or founds Fascism |
| 1967 - Demonstration counters the war of Vietnam in the United States and in the whole world. |
| 1968 - Assassinat du leader noir des droits
civiques, le révérend Marthin Luther King,
pacifiste, Prix Nobel de la Paix en 1964. |
| 1968 - Assassination of
the black of the civic rights, the reverend Marthin Luther King, pacifist
leader, Nobel Prize of Peace in 1964. |
| 1968 - Richard Nixon, republican
candidate is elected President of the United States and is re-elected in 1972 |
| 1973 - Scandal of Watergate, the President Nixon resign after the inculpation of
five of his collaborators culprit to have organized the political espionage of the
democratic party. |
| 1974 - Gerald R. Ford, republican
candidate, is elected President of the United States |
| 1977 - Jimmy Carter, democratic
candidate, representing great landowners and in favour of the intensive agriculture
related to chemical agro-alimentary industries is elected President of the United States |
1978 - Maccarthysme . The
last committees of investigation create by the American Congress in 1950
to fight against the progressists disparaîssent that year. |
| 1981 - Ronald Reagan, governor,
movie actor of California, republican candidate is elected President of the United States
and is re-elected in 1984. |
| 1987 - Scandal of Irangate, President Reagan is implied in a business of
delivery of weapons in Iran that the money of the drug of South America, that America is
supposed to fight officially, with used to finance. |
| 1988 - Georges Bush republican,
old candidate directing of the CIA, is elected President of the United States. In January
1991, it states the war in Iraq (ally of long date of the USA) guilty to have invaded
Kuwait. |
| 1993 - Bill Clinton democratic
candidate is elected 42ème President of the United States. He supports the installation
of the world market. |
| 199. - Scandale Lewinsky President
Clinton is shown to have had sexual intercourse with a trainee of the White House. In
puritan America, its denials followed of its consents, brings it closer to an inculpation
for breach from which it escapes from little. |
2001 - Georges Walter Bush the
son of Georges Bush (former President of the USA and old
directing of the CIA) is declared elected... with 400 000 votes of delay on outgoing
democrat Al Gore, with resulting from a suspect election and from imbroglio
undemocratic. The majority of the members of its government represent
the companies of oil industry and the armament. Whereas America crosses a recession and
that its speculative economy is badly in point, in September, of the air raids on targets
symbols of the American power on the ground even of the USA (World Trade Center) make
nearly 3000 victims. A terrorist network (Al Qaida) animated by a billionaire saoudien -
former partner of businesses of G.Bush - (Ben Laden) is designated as person in charge of
the attacks. These acts lead, under cover of fight against terrorism, with the
promulgation of laws limiting the personal freedoms, with the installation of the American
army in Afghanistan, with the legitimisation of nuclearized military modes (Pakistan),
with the negotiation of establishment of
American bases in various points of planet. |
2001 - Introduction of Patriot Act, one month after the
destruction of the WTC, which limits the personal and collective freedoms, authorizes the
agents of the administrations to proceed to the pointing of the citizens on racial
criteria, as well as the creation of files of information on the social, religious
opinions and policies
of the individuals and organizations, and makes it possible the police force to carry out
investigations, spinning mills, detention, seizure of material, documents or files on
simple suspicions of activity known as " criminal " not-definite in the
contents. |
2002 - American Congres give its
accord to President Bush to use the force against Iraq directed
par Saddam Hussein, former customer of American industries and French of armament and
invaluable ally of
the USA in its war against Iran. The road of the oil wells is open. |
| 2003 - Peace marches for Peace. A
popular movement is organized in the United States as well as has through all the
countries of the world to be opposed to a military intervention in Iraq. It is the first
time that such a movement in favour of Peace develops before a war is not declared. |
| 2004 - G.W Bush Président. .... |
